Meanwhile, Roman readers may have approved of Paul's censure of the illegal practice of magic (Acts 19:17–19) as well as the amicability of his rapport with Roman officials such as Sergius Paulus (Acts 13:6–12) and Festus (Acts 26:30–32). If he did, the book is a sequel to the Gospel of Luke. [23], Acts was read as a reliable history of the early church well into the post-Reformation era, but by the 17th century biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentious—its picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul's letters, and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul. By writing Acts, Luke helped pave the way for Christianity to continue spreading beyond the Jews and throughout the known world. Paul’s other companions weren’t seized. Todd Penner is the author of numerous essays on the Acts of the Apostles, including the book In Praise of Christian Origins: Stephen and the Hellenists in Lukan Apologetic Historiography (Bloomsbury, 2004). Rather, there are ways in which each may have considered having a relationship with the other rather advantageous to its own cause. A Chapter-by-Chapter Bible Study of the Book of Acts 6 Acts 1 50 Days 1. [16] Like them, he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder (Romulus for Dionysius, Moses for Josephus, Jesus for Luke) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God, taught authoritatively, and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven. But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory: for example, according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus, but according to Luke it was the Jews (2 Corinthians 11:33 and Acts 9:24). Did he ever appear before Caesar? According to Paul’s letters, neither Titus nor Silas (still other traveling companions unmentioned in Acts 20:4–6) accompanied him to Rome or stayed with him there. Later, Paul asserts his right as a Roman citizen, to be tried in Rome and is sent by sea to Rome, where he spends another two years under house arrest, proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching freely about "the Lord Jesus Christ". [7] The author is not named in either volume. For example, early Christians may have appreciated hearing about the protection Paul received from Roman officials against Gentile rioters in Philippi (Acts 16:16–40) and Ephesus (Acts 19:23–41), and against Jewish rioters on two occasions (Acts 17:1–17; Acts 18:12–17). [18][19] He transposed a few incidents from Mark's gospel to the time of the Apostles—for example, the material about "clean" and "unclean" foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10, and Mark's account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple (Mark 14:58) is used in a story about Stephen (Acts 6:14). implications for the date Acts was written. For example, we now know that his use of titles for various kinds of local and provincial government officials—procurators, consuls, praetors, politarchs, Asiarchs, and others—was exactly correct for the times and localities about which he was writing. On a visit to Jerusalem he is set on by a Jewish mob. [37], For Luke, the Holy Spirit is the driving force behind the spread of the Christian message, and he places more emphasis on it than do any of the other evangelists. Luke the Physician was the author of Luke-Acts. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from HarperCollins Christian Publishing (501 Nelson Place, Nashville, TN 37214 USA) providing information about products and services of HCCP and its affiliates. [22] The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century, but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned. Also available were written sources, such as the decree of the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15:23–29) and perhaps Aramaic or Hebrew documents relating the early events of Christianity in and around Jerusalem. Acts and the Gospel of Luke make up a two-part work, Luke–Acts, by the same anonymous author, usually dated to around 80–90 AD, although some experts now suggest 90–110. The Acts of the Apostles (Koinē Greek: Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis Apostólōn; Latin: Actūs Apostolōrum), often referred to simply as Acts, or formally the Book of Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire. With Caroline Vander Stichele, he co-wrote Contextualizing Gender in Early Christian Discourse: Thinking beyond Thecla, and, most recently, he has co-authored, with … These parallels can hardly have arisen by chance; and no other evidence exists to indicate that Luke imitated or used in any other way the letters, or that Peter and Paul imitated Acts when writing their letters. Perhaps Acts 20:22–25; 21:4, 10–14 imply well enough that Paul was martyred in Rome. Only Paul and Silas were seized, according to Acts. Personal catastrophe may have prevented Luke from finishing the book. Tertullian.org: The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles (1923) J. M. WILSON, D.D. Irenaeus (c. 130-202) writes, “Luke also, the companion of Paul, recorded in a book the Gospel preached by him.” For the literature genre, see, "Acts" redirects here. But, it could be that Josephus, who published his work Antiquities in A.D. 93, used Luke as a reference. Acts was written in Greek, presumably by St. Luke the Evangelist. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acts_of_the_Apostles&oldid=1003954396, Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Transition: reprise of the preface addressed to Theophilus and the closing events of the gospel (Acts 1–1:26), Petrine Christianity: the Jewish church from Jerusalem to Antioch (Acts 2:1–12:25), Pauline Christianity: the Gentile mission from Antioch to Rome (Acts 13:1–28:31), "Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians" (7:22), First mentioning of Saul (Paul the Apostle) in the Bible (7:58), "Saul, who was also known as Paul" (13:9), This page was last edited on 31 January 2021, at 14:00. It is possible that both Josephus and Luke used a common source. It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus; it does seem clear that it was not given by the author, as the word práxeis (deeds, acts) only appears once in the text (Acts 19:18) and there it does not refer to the apostles but refers to deeds confessed by followers to the apostles. Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century, beginning with the ascension of Jesus to Heaven. [29], Acts has two key structural principles. [1], The Gospel of Luke and Acts make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts. Surely it would have been irrelevant for Luke to prove the political innocence of Christianity, as he does throughout the book, if he were writing after Nero had turned against Christians (AD 64). [13], There are two major textual variants of Acts, the Western text-type and the Alexandrian. Together with the Gospel of Luke and the Letter to the Hebrews, the book of Acts contains some of the most cultured Greek writing in the New Testament. Traditionally, the text is believed to have been written by Luke the companion of Paul (named in Colossians 4:14). [36], Luke–Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah, promised to the Jews, came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it. Many suggestions are offered to explain the abruptness of this ending, but they are all speculation, and they all have holes: Luke wrote Acts, therefore, when Paul had been in Rome for two years (about AD 63). Just as his Gospel opens with a dedication to Theophilus, so also does Acts. For the material in Acts, Luke drew on his own recollections where possible. Evidence within Acts supports authorship by Luke: Other traveling companions do not fit the data of the text. )[10] The author "is an admirer of Paul, but does not share Paul's own view of himself as an apostle; his own theology is considerably different from Paul's on key points and does not represent Paul's own views accurately. Initially, the Jews are receptive to the Christian message, but later they turn against the followers of Jesus. It described the past. To a large degree, archaeological discoveries have supported Luke’s historical accuracy. The oldest complete Alexandrian manuscripts date from the 4th century and the oldest Western ones from the 6th, with fragments and citations going back to the 3rd. For Instructors and School Administrators. Saved by the Roman commander, he is accused by the Jews of being a revolutionary, the "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", and imprisoned. The answer is ambiguous. Luke was a companion of Paul on his missionary journeys, and in many parts of the book of Acts it says "we" did this or that (Acts 16:10-17:1; Acts 20:5-21:17; and Acts 27:2-28:31). There are also differences between Luke and Acts, amounting at times to outright contradiction. [32], The mission to the Gentiles is promoted from Antioch and confirmed at a meeting in Jerusalem between Paul and the leadership of the Jerusalem church. Jesus Taken Up Into Heaven. This accuracy is doubly remarkable in that the use of these terms was in a constant state of flux because the political status of various communities was constantly changing. At first many Jews follow Christ and are baptized, but the followers of Jesus begin to be increasingly persecuted by other Jews. Already in his Gospel, Luke has shown that both Pilate and Herod Antipas pronounced Jesus innocent and that mob pressure led to a miscarriage of justice. You may unsubscribe from these email communications at any time. Theologically, the abruptness with which Acts ends suggests the unfinished task of worldwide evangelism. [43], Acts agrees with Paul's letters on the major outline of Paul's career: he is converted and becomes a Christian missionary and apostle, establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law. Copyright © 2020 HarperCollins Publishers. In this way Luke hopes to dispel prejudice against Christianity and win sympathy from the likes of Theophilus, whose designation “most excellent” in Luke 1:3 may indicate influential political position as well as aristocratic, or at least middle-class, social standing (compare the address, “most excellent Festus,” to a Roman governor in Acts 26:25). Western texts of Acts are 6.2–8.4% longer than Alexandrian texts, the additions tending to enhance the Jewish rejection of the Messiah and the role of the Holy Spirit, in ways that are stylistically different from the rest of Acts. Why Did the Philippians Send Paul a Gift? Such an apology was needed, because Christianity had started with the handicap that its founder had died by crucifixion, the Roman means of executing criminals, and because disturbance arose wherever Christianity spread. "[11] He was educated, a man of means, probably urban, and someone who respected manual work, although not a worker himself; this is significant, because more high-brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke's audience. The Purpose of Acts. One of the reasons why Paul wrote Philippians was to thank them for supporting his ministry—not just in prayer, but with... Get expert commentary on biblical languages, fresh explorations in theology, hand-picked book excerpts, author videos, and info on limited-time sales. Who wrote the Fourth Gospel? Several questions can be answered from the first 2 verses: o Who is this book written to? [42] There are similar conflicts over the theology, and while not seriously questioning the single authorship of Luke–Acts, these differences do suggest the need for caution in seeking too much consistency in books written in essence as popular literature. [21] Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence—the traditional explanation of the three "we" passages, for example, is that they represent eyewitness accounts. [40] Perhaps the most significant point of tension between Roman imperial ideology and Luke's political vision is reflected in Peter's speech to the Roman centurion, Cornelius (Acts 10:36). Luke does not tell us. Because the most common view is that Luke used material from Mark, and we’re fairly certain that Mark was written sometime from the mid-50s to around A… Thus Paul is depicted as a moderating presence between the church and the Roman Empire. [31], The death of Stephen initiates persecution, and many followers of Jesus leave Jerusalem. In Acts, too, Luke shows that disturbances over Christianity arose from the violence of mobs and from false accusations, often by unbelieving Jews, not through any misdeeds of the Christians themselves. Acts shows influence of Josephus within its text which means it was written in the ’90s since that is when Josephus wrote. The following post is adapted from Robert H. Gundry’s online course, New Testament Survey. "[27][28] The work also engages with the question of a Christian's proper relationship with the Roman Empire, the civil power of the day: could a Christian obey God and also Caesar? - Acts 1:1-10 The Acts of the Apostles was written by a physician named Lucian (in English “Luke”). The first is the geographic movement from Jerusalem, centre of God's Covenantal people, the Jews, to Rome, centre of the Gentile world. He repeats the command in Acts, telling them to preach "in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the Earth." Authorship The author of the Acts of the Apostles is the same author of the Gospel of Luke. Luke wrote the book of Acts sometime in the early 60's a.d. Therefore, it is reasonable to include Luke's purpose for Acts as falling under his purpose for the book of Luke. The book of Acts ends abruptly. Peter, directed by a series of visions, preaches to Cornelius the Centurion, a Gentile God-fearer, who becomes a follower of Christ. Acquitted? [16] By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at,[17] but the author would have had access to the Septuagint (a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures), the Gospel of Mark, and either the hypothetical collection of "sayings of Jesus" called the Q source or the Gospel of Matthew. The only adequate explanation: Luke did not make up the speeches and sermons, but summarized their contents so accurately that the characteristic phraseology of Peter and Paul is evident in Luke’s reporting as well as in their letters. There are also major differences between Acts and Paul on Christology (the understanding of Christ's nature), eschatology (understanding of the "last things"), and apostleship. McGarvey.) Luke brings the story of Paul to the point where Paul, imprisoned in Rome, has been waiting for two years to be tried before Caesar. It is widely believed that the book of Acts is the second volume in Luke's gospel. Photo credit: Unsplash/Aaron Burden. We know he is the author of the Book of Acts but to whom was it written? [12], The earliest possible date for Luke-Acts is around 62 AD, the time of Paul's imprisonment in Rome, but most scholars date the work to 80–90 AD on the grounds that it uses Mark as a source, looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem, and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul (which began circulating late in the first century); if it does show awareness of the Pauline epistles, and also of the work of the Jewish historian Josephus, as some believe, then a date in the early 2nd century is possible. If you have any questions, please review our. Both books are addressed to Theophilus, and the latter (Acts) refers to the former (Luke). On the other hand, roughness of Greek style turns up where Luke appears to be following Semitic sources or imitating the Septuagint. Scholars have compared James’ speech and letter of Acts 15:13–29 with the book of James and have come up with many similarities of language and phrasing. It was probably written in the early 60's, perhaps from Antioch, Rome or Ephesus. But those passages set out the possibility of martyrdom at the hands of hostile Jews in Jerusalem, not at the hands of Caesar in Rome; and the remainder of Acts tells of Paul’s escaping martyrdom at the hands of such Jews and of his exoneration by Roman officialdom. The Acts of the Apostles (Koinē Greek: Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis Apostólōn;[1] Latin: Actūs Apostolōrum), often referred to simply as Acts, or formally the Book of Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.[2]. Luke-Acts; cf. On Pentecost, the Holy Spirit descends and confers God's power on them, and Peter and John preach to many in Jerusalem and perform healings, casting out of evil spirits, and raising of the dead. "[9] (An example can be seen by comparing Acts's accounts of Paul's conversion (Acts 9:1–31, 22:6–21, and 26:9–23) with Paul's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event (Galatians 1:17–24). [5] On the one hand, Luke portrays the followers of Jesus as a sect of the Jews, and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion; on the other, Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians, celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God's promised Messiah. The Spirit is "poured out" at Pentecost on the first Samaritan and Gentile believers and on disciples who had been baptised only by John the Baptist, each time as a sign of God's approval. In Luke the narrative progressed to Jerusalem, the center of Judaism. Yet the narrative of his voyage to Rome makes up one of the “we”-sections. o What is the name of the former book? Authorship of the book of Acts is attributed to Luke. The title, κύριος, was often ascribed to the Roman emperor in antiquity, rendering its use by Luke as an appellation for Jesus an unsubtle challenge to the emperor's authority. o What was the content of the former book? Luke–Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it. The best solution is to say that Luke wrote up to the events so far as they had happened; that is, at the time of writing Paul was still awaiting trial before the Nero. 3 After his suffering, he presented himself to them and gave many convincing proofs that he was aliveHe appeared to them over a period of forty days … Get updates from Zondervan Academic directly in your inbox. Acts 1:1). By such processes of elimination Luke remains the only likely candidate for the authorship of Acts. [35] His "salvation history" stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers, in three ages: first, the time of "the Law and the Prophets" (Luke 16:16), the period beginning with Genesis and ending with the appearance of John the Baptist (Luke 1:5–3:1); second, the epoch of Jesus, in which the Kingdom of God was preached (Luke 3:2–24:51); and finally the period of the Church, which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven, and would end with his second coming. (If you are new to the book of Acts this book is not the place to start - read Acts itself and pick up a good commentary such as those of J.W. Special attention goes to showing that Christianity deserves continued freedom because it derives from Judaism, which has legal standing, and because it does not pose any threat to the Roman government. The author of Acts is believed to be Luke, physician, and author of the gospel of Luke. The first believers share all property in common, eat in each other's homes, and worship together. The Holy Spirit descends on Cornelius and his guests, thus confirming that the message of eternal life in Christ is for all mankind. On the one hand, Luke generally does not portray this interaction as one of direct conflict. What the early church began, the later church is to finish. Your form could not be submitted. Although Luke need not have given verbatim reports of speeches and sermons, it does seem that he accurately gives the gist of what was said. In the very beginning of Acts Luke w… [44] Acts omits much from the letters, notably Paul's problems with his congregations (internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead), and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem (Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted, a trip that has no mention in the letters). Luke wrote the book of Acts (Acts of the Apostles) to record how believers were empowered by the Holy Spirit, worked to spread the Gospel of … [16] The author assumes an educated Greek-speaking audience, but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco-Roman world at large. So how do we know who really wrote them? So we have to ask again: which James wrote the letter? Luke–Acts, Acts has two key structural principles presence between the church and the person. From the scholars and textbooks you trust Roman Empire been written by a Jewish mob text of Gospel. 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