September 2012. In Canada, breeding populations occur in the prairies, Ontario (Lake of the Woods and Great Lakes), and on the Atlantic coast. Status Threatened, Listed 1/10/1986 Description The piping plover is a small shore bird, about 7 1/4 inches long with a 15 inch wingspan. Piping Plovers, however, may benefit from predator management programs already in place in, for example, the Florida Keys National Wildlife Refuge and beach ecosystems in North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida and Texas (USFWS 2012a). (ed.). Implementation of the Alberta Piping Plover Recovery Plan, 2005-2010: Final Program Report. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. She completed her B.Sc. Comprehensive conservation strategy for the Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) in its coastal migration and wintering range in the continental United States. Gratto-Trevor, C.L., and S. Abbott. Incubation is generally 27 days and eggs usually all hatch on the same day. Throughout the year, adults have sand-colored upper body parts, white undersides, and orange legs. Knetter, J.M., R.S. Brigham, and P.C. After the chicks hatch, many areas will put up snow fencing to restrict driving and pets for the safety of the chicks. Population Status. 2013. vi + 30 pp. On the Atlantic coast, mechanized beach cleaning, dune restoration, and recreational development alter habitat making it unsuitable for nesting, and similar threats affect Great Lakes beaches, while agriculture, and oil and gas development degrade or eliminate habitat on the prairies. They eat mainly insects, marine worms, and crustaceans. Bell, F.H. Predation on adult Piping Plovers at predator exclosure cages. Ecosystem Management Ecologist, Endangered Species, Wildlife Division, Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL. Piping plovers nest on the ground in open areas, which subjects them to high temperatures. Apparent survival rates were generally highest among the Prairie/Great Plains breeding populations; all seven sites had declining trends in annual survival (Table 1). 2013, McKnight pers. These allow the adults to move in and out but stop predators from getting to the eggs. Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. The adult has yellow-orange legs, a black band across the forehead from eye to eye, and a black ring around the neck during the breeding season. Total population is currently estimated at about 6,510 individuals. They calculated vital rates using data from a number of studies (Gratto-Trevor unpublished data, Gratto-Trevor et al. Drier conditions and an increase in severe storms pose a threat to habitat and populations on the Prairies as well. 2010b. 2004. These same factors are also significant causes of habitat loss in the US wintering grounds along the Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico. Shoreline stabilization impedes the natural processes by which coastal habitats respond to storms, while accelerating sea level rise and recreational use of beaches further reduces their suitability as habitat (USFWS 2012a). Abbott, S., pers. Its frequently heard alarm call is a soft pee-werp, which the second syllable lower pitched. 129, Edmonton, AB. Piping Plovers are small shorebirds, 17–18 cm in length and weighing 43–63 g (Elliott-Smith and Haig 2004), with backs the colour of dry sand, white underparts, short stout bills, and orange legs. Daigle et al. In some years birds may leave their breeding sites in late June (Haig 1992); however, southward migration generally extends from late July until September (USFWS 1996). Research Scientist, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON. Piping Plovers nest in small groups widely distributed among all Canadian provinces except British Columbia (see Figures 3, 4). Internal report, Canadian Wildlife Service, Sackville, NB. Two subspecies of Piping Plover are recognized, based on geographic distribution, presence of complete or incomplete neck bands, and differences in mitochondrial DNA (Elliott-Smith and Haig 2004). Notes: surveys were not complete from 1992 through 1995; underlined counts indicate incomplete surveys; year-end value for Quebec in 2011 was estimated by using the average ratio of international census counts to annual survey counts from the previous four censuses (Rock pers. Pp. Borneman, and A. Derose-Wilson. (2006) to this population. comm. Gratto-Trevor, J.P. Goossen, and S. Davis. Gautreau, R.L. [18], Critical nesting habitats are now being protected to help the population during its breeding season. Her thesis examined the predicted effects of logging on bird habitat in the aspen boreal mixedwood. This species was driven to near extinction around the turn of the century by extensive hunting for meat and sport. A twenty year banding study of the Piping Plover. Grinsted et al. Email correspondence to N. Sharp. Given that Piping Plovers are found at low densities and are generalist feeders, they likely have little impact on prey species. COSEWIC status report on the Piping Plover Charadrius melodus in Canada. The adults' role is then to protect them from the elements by brooding them. comm. 2013. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:128–139. In Atlantic Canada, the census counts have been compared to annual year-end counts (see below). comm. Population Status. They also alert them to any danger. This suggests that the warming climate and increased water levels and precipitation will degrade piping plover breeding habitats in the Prairie Pothole Region. comm. On June 5, 2003, the Species at Risk Act (SARA) was proclaimed. Piping Plover habitat manipulation proposal. The Committee meets to consider status reports on candidate species. Flemming, W. Harris, L. Heyens, D. Hjertaas, M. Huot, R. Jones, W. Koonz, P. Laporte, R.I.G. The national ranks are N3 for both the breeding and non-breeding populations in the US, and N2B (breeding population Imperilled) in Canada (as of 22 January 2001). 1987. 2 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds.). Plissner, J.H., and S.M. Ryan. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 helped the population recover through the 1930s. Environment Canada. A number of these predators benefit from association with humans (Prugh et al. 1994. Using linear regression, annual survey results for the eastern subspecies show a non-significant long-term (1991–2013) decline of 13% (P = 0.15) and a significant short-term (2003–2013) decline of 23.3% (P = 0.014) over the last 10 years or approximately three generations. Calvert, A.M., and C.L. 2010, Gratto-Trevor et al. 2013. Interior males often have a black “moustache” that runs across the top of the base of the bill between the sand-coloured plumage of the upper cheek (Haig 1992). comm. [3] Scrapes, small depressions in the sand dug by kicking the sand, are often in the same area that least terns choose to colonize. True survival rates (not confounded with permanent emigration) for Piping Plovers in Saskatchewan from 2002 to 2009 were calculated as 0.80 for adults and 0.57 for subadults (Cohen and Gratto-Trevor 2011), and also declined over time. Homogeneous record of Atlantic hurricane surge threat since 1923. Amirault-Langlais (eds.). In Canada, the circumcinctus subspecies breeds in central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, and used to breed in sout… 2013. These fluctuations occur naturally, caused by drought and floods, and artificially through water level stabilization and management for hydropower. Table 1. Ripple, A.S. Laliberte, and J.S. Herdman, E., pers. v + 29 pp. 2007. Overall, the plovers that breed in this region are more habitat-limited than are those that breed on beaches in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Abbott pers. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:266–273. Elliott-Smith, E., S.M. 2010. 2011). In the US, the Piping Plover is listed as Endangered on the Great Lakes and Threatened elsewhere. Despite these limitations, the International Piping Plover Census provides a standardized survey across the range of the species, which allows for meaningful comparisons between different regions and jurisdictions. An extremely wet spring and summer (record high rainfall in many parts of Alberta) resulted in flooding of many key nesting beaches and limited the availability of suitable nesting habitat on several others. SBP mayor questions endangered status of piping plovers Back to video “So for that reason, I have to question whether they are actually endangered.” But Andrea Gress, the Ontario piping plover program co-ordinator with Bird Studies Canada, said the tiny shorebirds, which nest annually at Sauble Beach, are “absolutely endangered.” comm. There has also been no genetic work comparing birds in the two regions that could be used to support the separation of these two groups at this time. 2011; CWS unpublished data). Pluvier siffleur de la sous-espèce melodus, Estimated percent of continuing decline in total number of mature individuals within [5 years or 2 generations]N/A. Taylor. When the original status report (Bell 1978) was prepared, Piping Plovers no longer nested on Sable Island, NS, on islands in the Bay of Fundy, or along Chaleur Bay in Quebec, and their breeding range on the Canadian Great Lakes was restricted to Long Point on Lake Erie. 2012. Journal of Field Ornithology 82(4):379–394. xiv + 39 pp. Generally, individuals of the interior subspecies winter along the Gulf of Mexico, while eastern individuals winter along the southern Atlantic coast and the Caribbean, especially the Bahamas (Gratto-Trevor et al. in Conservation Biology at the University of British Columbia. 2012). September 2012. 59 pp. 1994. Ottawa. The subspecies also occurs along the Atlantic coast of the United States, where it is listed as Threatened under the United States’ Endangered Species Act. During the breeding season, it also has a single black band across the breast, another black band across the forehead between the eyes, and a distinctive black tip on the orange bill. In the Canadian prairies, the interior subspecies favours wide beaches on the shores of alkali lakes and wetlands and can also be found nesting adjacent to reservoirs and freshwater lakes and wetlands. This is based on the results of a banding study that took place in Atlantic Canada from 1998 to 2003 (Amirault et al. The large fluctuations in population estimates for the interior subspecies from the international census and the lack of annual data for most of this population make it difficult to get clear picture of the population trend for this subspecies. [27], Climate change is also causing sea level rise, which may affect the piping plover's other main habitat, the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. and Canada. 611 pp. There is also a small breeding population on the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. BioScience 59(9):779–791. This report revirews information on the piping plover in Alberta, as a step in updating the status of the species in the province. 1996. The males arrive earlier than females, select beach habitats, and defend their territories against other males (Hull 1981). Breeding populations are found in the Canadian prairies, Ontario (Lake of the Woods and Great Lakes) and on the Atlantic coast. Condor 89: 881–918. Journal of Field Ornithology 69:228–234. Haig, S.M., and L.W. Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), Atlantic Coast Population, Revised Recovery Plan. It takes about 30 days before chicks achieve flight capability. The more precise annual surveys available for the eastern subspecies indicate a population of 389 adults in 2013. 2013. The results provide strong support for the division of the species into two subspecies (ΦST = 0.473 and FST = 0.104 for mitochondrial and microsatellite data, respectively, P < 0.0001), meeting the subspecies definition of Funk et al. Definition of the (DD) category revised in 2006. The other two cases include a single male from Prince Edward Island that moved on to breed in the US in following years (New York, and then Massachusetts), which may not represent significant gene flow or recovery potential between the Canadian and US Atlantic populations (CWS unpublished data). Extreme variability in habitat conditions across years has confounded estimation of population trends for prairie populations, especially when the five-year window coincides with extremely high water levels (as in 2011), or drought, both of which can force plovers into alternate breeding habitat not covered by the census (Cohen and Gratto-Trevor 2011, Roche et al. The Piping Plover was first designated by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) as Threatened in Canada in 1978. The breeding census covered almost 8000 km, of which almost 3300 km (close to 750 sites and 400 observers) were in Canada (Elliott-Smith et al. 2012. [9] While it is federally threatened, the piping plover has been listed as state endangered in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Email correspondence to N. Sharp. comm. The piping plover is a stout bird with a large rounded head, a short thick neck, and a stubby bill. To protect the nests from predators during incubation, many conservationists use exclosures, such as round turkey-wire cages with screened tops. Hadley, Massachusetts. Taylor. A range is presented for the eastern subspecies because a pair bred on the northeast coast of Newfoundland in 2013 and, if breeding persists in this area, the EO could be as large as the latter value. 2011; Ranalli pers. Lutz, J.R. Cary, and R.K. Murphy. Status of outside population(s)? The interior subspecies is protected as Endangered under the Endangered Species Acts of Manitoba and Ontario and the Saskatchewan and Alberta Wildlife Acts. Habitat loss linked to human activities is exacerbated by the fact that Piping Plovers nest in unstable environments. Haig, S.M. Preliminary modelling efforts suggest declines into the future Not available, Predation, human disturbance, habitat loss, livestock presence. [10], In eastern Canada, the piping plover is found only on coastal beaches. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Piping Plovers prefer to nest on the widest sections of beach with mixed substrates such as gravel, shells, sticks, and pebbles. They found that 1) in general, more cyclones (of all sizes) occurred in warm years than in cold years; 2) the relative increase in frequency in warm years is largest for the strongest cyclones; and 3) there is a statistically significant increasing trend in the frequency of large surge events since 1923. 2012. have spread across the beach, making it less suitable for plovers. Examples from the Great Lakes of disruptive activities include the use of fireworks on nesting beaches, and kite flying (or kite boarding) that can mimic avian predators (Environment Canada 2013). Brashares. Impacts of Sea-Level Rise and Climate Change on the Coastal Zone of Southeastern New Brunswick. 28 pp. In the United States, they are found on the Great Plains, Great Lakes, and the Atlantic coast. As a result, productivity can be extremely low. Efforts over the past 20 years in Wisconsin to protect nesting areas and monitor survival and migration … These habitats may have higher densities of certain prey types such as terrestrial arthropods (Loegering and Fraser 1995 , cited in Boyne in press). Various environmental organizations are involved in aiding restoration efforts. They are also found along the Atlantic coast beaches of the US. The common call of Piping plovers is a soft, whistled 'peep peep' usually given when birds are standing and flying. Northward migration begins in late February, with the peak number of departures occurring in March. Prince Edward Island is reviewing the status of the species (Environment Canada 2012). This report was overseen and edited by Marty Leonard, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Bird Specialist Subcommittee. As sand temperatures increased, piping plover nest attendance decreased and the frequency and duration of daily shading behaviors increased. In The Birds of North America, No. Status re-examined and designated Endangered in April 1985. comm. 2011; Prescott pers. Bidwell, M., pers. comm. Field Ornithology 59:321-330. (Species at Risk Public Registry website). While it is federally threatened, the piping plover has been listed as state endangered in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. *Effort changed significantly between 1991 and the following years in NL (Herdman pers. 1998. In a study of 991 banded chicks in Saskatchewan from 2000 to 2006, Gratto-Trevor et al. 1998. Habitat loss and degradation are of particular concern in southern Nova Scotia, along the Atlantic coast. It is not clear that there will be continuous use of this site, so both values of EO have been included. White. 1 33 pp. Of these, 15 were of first-time breeders to another Atlantic province and six were of breeding adults to a breeding site in another Atlantic province. The narrow beaches used by Piping Plovers along the southern (Atlantic) coast of Nova Scotia could be affected by rising sea levels associated with climate change (Abbott pers. Porteous, K., pers. Piping plovers who breed in this region depend on the decreased water levels to reveal shorelines that they use for nesting. Also, the construction of dugouts near shorelines can foul nesting beaches, change basin hydrology, and accelerate encroachment of vegetation (Alberta Piping Plover Recovery Team 2010). Waterbirds 26:150–155. Great Lakes Piping Plover in trouble. US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 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