South American settlement began in 1523 in Venezuela, and in 1524-1526, the Spanish marched through Central America, exerting their control from Guatemala to Nicaragua. Hernando Corts was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. . What was Portugals role in the age of discovery? Instead, he encouraged exploration and directed many important expeditions. Below are excerpts from Columbuss 1493 letter to Luis de Santngel, which illustrates how fantastic reports from European explorers gave rise to many myths surrounding the Spanish conquest and the New World. More than a dozen veterans shared their concerns with U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs Denis McDonough and U.S. Rep. Mary Peltola. Negative and Positive Impact of Portuguese Exploration by Seb. Overview. While the Portuguese remained focused on the establishment of trading networks, only turning to full colonization later, Spanish discoveries of established empires in North and South America led them to explore and subsequently expand their own empire with the intention of growing wealthier and spreading Catholicism. From the beginning of the Aztec conquest, a collection of Franciscan friars had come to convert the natives. On October 12, 1492, however, he made landfall on an island in the Bahamas. Prince Henry the Navigator | Biography, Influence & Facts, The Development of Monarchical Nation States: the Rise of Power, Bartolome de las Casas: Destruction of the Amerindians, Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire | Biography & Facts, Carolingian Art | Overview, Renaissance & Characteristics. Perched on the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula, Portugal turned to the boundless Atlantic Ocean as its only outlet to the wider world. The explorers also gained new foods like corn and pineapple. Such problems only created possibilities for new solutions as European colonies and trade cropped up around the world. What was the impact of Vasco de Gamas exploration? Over the next two centuries, a string of explorers and conquistadors, or military conquerors, claimed territory after territory for the ever-widening Spanish empire. What were three outcomes of Spanish Exploration? The time was ripe to explore, discover, and expand. Warfare by the Spanish, using guns, and forced labour in mines and on plantations also contributed. B. Africans were enslaved and brought to the Americas. Open Document. Velzquez painted himself into this imposingly large royal portrait (hes shown holding his brush and easel on the left) and boldly placed the viewer where the king and queen would stand in the scene ([link]). They established posts in Guinea and Angola and a few island plantations to support their business ventures. The system also allowed them to protect their imports as they traveled back to Portugal. They traded up the Zambezi river and interfered with the existing inland African trade. One of this periods most famous works is the novel The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha, by Miguel de Cervantes. Their son, Martn, may have been the first mestizo (person of mixed indigenous American and European descent). The Reconquista marked another step forward in the process of making Spain an imperial power, and Ferdinand and Isabella were now ready to look further afield. Explore the collection at The Cervantes Project for images, complete texts, and other resources relating to Cervantess works. For example, the mariner's astrolabe, which helped to plot location by measuring the altitude of the sun and stars. He understood why the exploration and hunt of the surrounding was done by the Domain . Posted on . It results in increased costs, higher production rates, and lower . The Spanish explorers were in search of mineral wealth, looking for El Dorado (the City of Gold) and they aspired to spread Christianity. The global flow of silver from the mid-sixteenth century to the early eighteenth century caused social and economic issues by creating social impact in China, changing the economic purpose for trading, and the overall exchange between the Chinese and European nations. The motives that spur human beings to examine their environment are many. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. Although Europeans continued to trade with the east, especially the seagoing Venetians, the venture was expensive and unsanctioned by the Catholic Church, which forbade Christian trade with Muslim empires. 101 Independence Ave. Spurred by Christopher Columbuss glowing reports of the riches to be found in the New World, throngs of Spanish conquistadors set off to find and conquer new lands. The exploits of the most famous Spanish explorers have provided Western civilization with a narrative of European supremacy and Indian savagery. The Portuguese took firm control of trade with the Far East. Portuguese exploration along the African coast was marked by trading rather than colonization with the empire-building posts to protect their ships carrying spices and gold back to Portugal and allying with African kings when possible. Which country established the first colonies in the Americas? The magnetic compass was a compass that had a magnetized needle supporting a magnetic card. They explored the coasts of Africa and brought back gold and slaves. What does this letter show us about Spanish objectives in the New World? The Spanish followed suit, beginning with Christopher Columbus, before moving beyond mere trade and focusing on empire building. Along the way, they discovered plenty of ways to make a profit from their voyages, and pretty soon they were leaders in the gold and slave trades. However, after three years of entreaties, and, more important, the completion of the Reconquista, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to finance Columbuss expedition in 1492, supplying him with three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. Most trades for Western Europe required overland travel, which only grew more difficult with Ottoman conquests in the East. However, when Columbus in fact discovered America, the subsequent discoveries of indigenous peoples led the Catholic country to move beyond pure trade goals to establish lasting colonies that would add to Spain's greatness and spread Catholicism to the New World. By When these expeditions began, Europeans knew virtually nothing about the area past Cape Bojador on. Merchants then used these Atlantic outposts as debarkation points for subsequent journeys. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 unified Catholic Spain and began the process of building a nation that could compete for worldwide power. However, these stories are based on the self-aggrandizing efforts of conquistadors to secure royal favor through the writing of probanzas de mritos (proofs of merit). The resulting Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America ([link]); Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil. The only arms they have are sticks of cane, cut when in seed, with a sharpened stick at the end, and they are afraid to use these. European exploration, exploration of regions of Earth for scientific, commercial, religious, military, and other purposes by Europeans, beginning about the 4th century bce. It began with the Vikings' brief stint . succeed. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Portuguese colonization of Atlantic islands in the 1400s inaugurated an era of aggressive European expansion across the Atlantic. Location of the Strait of Magellan. They were far more interested in trade, and before long, they had carried millions of Africans away from their homes as slaves. Columbus' discoveries also shifted the reasons behind Spanish exploration from trade to empire-building and exploration. The Portuguese led the way as explorers sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator sailed down the coast of Africa, establishing a profitable trade in gold and slaves. At Elmina the main source was Ashanti gold, at trading points on the Guinea coast it was gold diverted to Portuguese traders from the caravan route from Timbuktu to Morocco. NYFA's Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degree programs are designed to provide students with a concentrated education in film, media, and entertainment, supported by an exploration of the liberal arts and sciences. Missionaries like Motolinia had a legitimate desire to convert the natives and others like him, including the Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas, who wrote "A Brief Account of the Destruction of the West Indies" to draw attention to the atrocities committed against the natives by his fellow Spaniards. This venture drew them further out, especially with Prince Henry the Navigator's patronage of exploration which opened the possibilities of finding a route to the Far East by sea. From these strategic points, Portugal spread its empire down the western coast of Africa to the Congo, along the western coast of India, and eventually to Brazil on the eastern coast of South America. Probanzas de mritos featured glowing descriptions of lands of plenty. They had many tools that helped them navigate through the Atlantic Ocean. Spain and Portugal were considered to be the major exponents of 'The Age of Discovery', stretching from the early 15 th century to mid-17 th century. Islamic states had dominated. Beyond the splendor of the architecture of the missions, what we see today is the cumulative effect of a historic process Spain triggered with its efforts to govern and Christianize the New World, thereby culturally changing the land and people forever. 5 Pages. Spanish . Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture the grand city of Tenochtitln. Map of Columbus' first journey to the Americas. Over two centuries, the Spanish established an empire over two continents that changed the lives of the Amerindians, the very face of the land itself, and indeed, the entire world. Menu and widgets Such endeavors were accomplished by the conquistadors Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who subdued the Aztec and Incan Empires in 1521 and 1533. Vasco Nez de Balboa traveled across Panama in 1513 and saw the Pacific Ocean for the first time. They also found a sea route to India. The carrack first appeared, historians believe, in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. found and claimed Pacific Ocean for Spain and called it the south sea Hernando Cortes 1519- to find gold glory and god. He participated in successful expeditions in Panama before following rumors of Inca wealth to the south. . Elmina Castle on the west coast of Ghana was used as a holding pen for slaves before they were brought across the Atlantic and sold. Such accounts kept the debate on the treatment of natives constantly at the forefront of political life during the age of exploration with the struggle always between greed and humanity. Sugar fueled the Atlantic slave trade, and the Portuguese islands quickly became home to sugar plantations. Spain attracted innovative foreign painters such as El Greco, a Greek who had studied with Italian Renaissance masters like Titian and Michelangelo before moving to Toledo. extensive migration of people from the Western Hemisphere to Europe and Asia. Without her, Corts would not have been able to communicate, and without the language bridge, he surely would have been less successful in destabilizing the Aztec Empire. Henry the Navigator. Spain. He spent most of his life in the Americas advocating for the natives. Source for information on Spanish Exploration and Colonization: Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery . Map showing the routes to the Far East. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. Portugal discovered new lands, new sea routes and made better maps of the world. The overland routes involved terrain that was unforgiving and dangerous, and merchants couldn't trust that they would always be safe. This button displays the currently selected search type. Vasco de Gamas exploits successfully established a spice trade between Europe and India. Portugal, the western-most European country, was one of the primary players in the European Age of Discovery and Exploration. Westward Expansion, 1840-1900, Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900, The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900, Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920, Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929, Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Gallery. The Portuguese also traded these slaves, introducing much-needed human capital to other European nations. There were different reasons for the Spanish and Portuguese exploration, with the Portuguese establishing a trading post empire to protect their goods, and Spain focusing on. . Many ideas and methods of expansion were flowed along over time. Europeans wanted to find their own trade routes and cut out the middle men, and with their better ships, maps, and navigational tools, they finally had the technology to do it. [3] After Columbus voyages to the New World, the Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and English began the active exploration and exploitation of the newly discovered land in the Americas. In the following years, as European exploration spread, slavery spread as well. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Using the explorers first name as a label for the new landmass, Waldseemuller attached America to his map of the New World in 1507, and the name stuck. Inland there are numerous mines of metals and innumerable people. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you In 1482, Portuguese traders built Elmina Castle (also called So Jorge da Mina, or Saint Georges of the Mine) in present-day Ghana, on the west coast of Africa ([link]). As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 The local Amerindian population were enslaved by the Spanish, and forced to work. | 22 This exchange benefitted Europeans more than Native Americans because Europeans spread smallpox , a deadly disease, to Native Americans when they came into contact with them. The world was opening up, and people were realizing how big it really was. Henry the navigator was a mapmaker and helped build ships. The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. The voyages of Columbus. In the 15th century the Portuguese started exploring new lands. Spain, in particular, produced a number of famous conquistadors who established the presence of the Spanish empire in Mexico, California, and Peru. In short, the actions of the Portuguese and Spanish established a permanent European presence in the New World and set the stage for future conflict and historical movements. What does it reveal about the state of geographical knowledge, as well as European perceptions of the New World, at the beginning of the sixteenth century? What was the effect of Spanish and Portuguese exploration quizlet? Rather than leading to the discovery of gold and silver, however, the expedition simply left Coronado bankrupt. The story of North American exploration spans an entire millennium and involves a wide array of European powers and uniquely American characters. When Vasco de Gama found a new route to India, the Portuguese were able to trade spices and jewels. What are the effects of Spain exploration? They understood that the Portuguese would soon reach Asia and, in this competitive race to reach the Far East, the Spanish rulers decided to act. Gold became the biggest source of income for the Portuguese crown. What was the effect of Spanish and Portuguese exploration? This compass showed from four to eight directions. (1521) Pizarro took land from the Incas in what is today Peru. In this instance, Cortes actually operated without approval from the Spanish crown or the governor of the Cuban colony because he desired a chance to make his own name and wealth without the credit going to his superiors. During the winter of 154041, the explorers waged war against the Tiwa in present-day New Mexico. Eli Whitney Inventions & Facts | What Did Eli Whitney Invent? He and his men were astonished by the incredibly sophisticated causeways, gardens, and temples in the city, but they were horrified by the practice of human sacrifice that was part of the Aztec religion. Spanish relationships with the natives tended to vary depending on the person. They also found a sea route to India. What impact did the Portuguese and Spanish explorers have on Europe? All those he petitionedincluding Ferdinand and Isabella at firstrebuffed him; their nautical experts all concurred that Columbuss estimates of the width of the Atlantic Ocean were far too low. The surviving Spaniards, numbering a little over three hundred, returned to Mexico City without finding the much-anticipated mountains of gold and silver. 5 What was Portugals role in the age of discovery? The Spanish also brought smallpox into the valley of Mexico. She has taught college English and religious education classes and currently works as a freelance writer. In Spain, gold and silver from the Americas helped to fuel a golden age, the Siglo de Oro, when Spanish art and literature flourished. Beginning in about 1418, Henry sent explorers to sea almost every year. Cartographers developed new ways of mapping. Sources. D. Africans attended Prince Henry's navigation school Millions of Amerindians died by violence and disease as the Spanish marched through their lands, and even the very face of the land changed as the explorers and settlers brought new livestock, weeds, and germs to the New World. Indeed, the Spanish created an empire across two continents, and the world would never be the same. In 1493, Columbus sent two copies of a probanza de mrito to the Spanish king and queen and their minister of finance, Luis de Santngel. Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal took the principal role during most of the fifteenth century in searching for a route to Asia by sailing south around Africa. The process where the Spanish and Portuguese Christians reclaim the Iberian Peninsula is called the Reconquista. This creation of a trading post empire tapped into the existing slave trade among Africans with the Portuguese fully participating and expanding the trade beyond African borders. Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest by OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Slaves lived in the dungeon for weeks or months until ships arrived to transport them to Europe or the Americas. The Official Site of Philip T. Rivera. A desire for Asian spices and other Asian goods: European maritime expansion began with the goal of establishing new trade routes to African and Asian markets to buy ivory, pepper, cotton, and Spain also grew increasingly wealthy, but the influx of gold and silver currency eventually caused serious problems leading Charles V to declare bankruptcy and spread inflation throughout Europe. 201-202. Thus the goals of the Spanish conquest were quite different from the Portuguese. The Spaniards moved north, too. Spanish and Portuguese exploration brought a variety of Western ideas to the new world, including dress and leadership positions like that of the governor. Lasting effects of Spanish conquest in Latin America included the decimation of native populations and suppression of their languages, histories and cultures. This conflict provided the background for the heralded Age of Discovery, whereupon European nations began exploring new horizons to find means of expanding their influence and discovering new and hopefully shorter trade routes. Nearly everybody remembers that 'In fourteen hundred ninety-two Columbus sailed the ocean blue,' and indeed, Christopher Columbus, sponsored by Spain, did make his first voyage in 1492 and bumped into a completely new continent on his way to the Far East. The trees, fruits and grasses differ widely from those in Juana. The Spanish and Portuguese developed a particular type of ship to trade in the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic. Europeans longed for the luxuries of the Far East, including silks, pepper, and spices, but the Far East trade was dominated by Muslims and Venetians who hauled the goods over land, making them extremely expensive. The dungeon of the fort now served as a holding pen for African slaves from the interior of the continent, while on the upper floors Portuguese traders ate, slept, and prayed in a chapel. Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest, Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World, New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange, Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions, The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire, An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution, Confronting the National Debt: The Aftermath of the French and Indian War, The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts, Disaffection: The First Continental Congress and American Identity, Britains Law-and-Order Strategy and Its Consequences, Common Sense: From Monarchy to an American Republic, The Constitutional Convention and Federal Constitution, Competing Visions: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, On the Move: The Transportation Revolution, A New Political Style: From John Quincy Adams to Andrew Jackson, The Nullification Crisis and the Bank War, Free Soil or Slave? When the Spanish captured Granada in 1492, it allowed the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, to listen to the arguments of the Genoese sea captain, Christopher Columbus, and his claims that he could find a shorter route to the Far East. One of the greatest lasting effects of Spanish incursion into Latin America was the . Portugal's wealth increased due to its control of the spice trade with India. In either case, she demonstrates one way in which native peoples responded to the arrival of the Spanish. The confinement of my story to Spanish, rather than Iberian, America means the almost total exclusion of the Portuguese settlement of Brazil, except for glancing references to the sixty-year period, from 1580 to 1640, when it formed part of Spain's global monarchy. Spain brought the ecomienda system to the New World to build plantations for mining and farming, a system that categorically abused the Amerindian labor force without fair trades for their gold. Spain and Portugal divided the New World by drawing a north-to-south line of demarcation in the Atlantic Ocean, about 100 leagues (555 . As Western Europe transitioned from the regional divides of the middle ages to stronger centralized countries, kings and queens looked for ways of expanding their spheres of influence and world outlooks. In 1418, the Portuguese came upon the Madeira Islands and established a colony at Porto Santo. Armed with these advances, Bartholomew Dias reached the tip of Africa in 1487, naming it the Cape of Good Hope. Portugal discovered new lands, new sea routes and made better maps of the world. The Spanish looked south in the 1530s and 1540s. There was plenty of room to spread out, interesting cultures and landscapes to explore, natives to Christianize, and even better, economic opportunities galore, including new sources of gold and silver. They are most beautiful, of a thousand varied forms, accessible, and full of trees of endless varieties, so high that they seem to touch the sky, and I have been told that they never lose their foliage. This two-volume book (1605 and 1618) told a colorful tale of an hidalgo (gentleman) who reads so many tales of chivalry and knighthood that he becomes unable to tell reality from fiction. How did explorers born in Portugal impact the world? Magellan and Joo Serro were the only Portuguese captains, with Magellan in charge of the largest ship, the Trinidad, and Serro at the helm of the Santiago. Hispaniola is a marvel. Great Explorers of Spain and Portugal: Aims & Discoveries, Radical Reformation Origins & Beliefs | Anabaptists & Antitrinitarians. They also attempted, sometimes more successfully than others, to conquer the Amerindians and force them to work and pay tribute. The Spanish were also the first in the New World. This age of exploration and the subsequent creation of an Atlantic World marked the earliest phase of globalization, in which previously isolated groupsAfricans, Native Americans, and Europeansfirst came into contact with each other, sometimes with disastrous results. This slave trade also came into greater usage when the Portuguese followed the Spanish in setting their sights across the Atlantic, colonizing Brazil in the 1530s. He presided as governor over the province of Nueva Galicia, where he heard rumors of wealth to the north: a golden city called Quivira. They understood that the Portuguese would soon reach Asia and, in this competitive race to reach the Far East, the Spanish rulers decided to act. Payroll Services Expert, Novartis, Prague, Czech Republic 20+ Billion Cash Disbursements, 600k + payments through more than 400 Bank Accounts and countless lives impacted positively with our contributions to fulfill our noble purpose of reimagining medicineThe Payroll Services Expert supports the development of P&O processes, principles, and guidelines for a small client group, as well as . Santngel had supported Columbuss voyage, helping him to obtain funding from Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jesuits attempted to covert the natives to Christianity, but most of the other colonists were more interested in pushing west to find gold and silver. De Gama's successful venture created a greater demand than ever before for overseas trades along the African coast.