Here, it is because this outgroup member brings in values or beliefs that the person high in RWA disagrees with, thus threatening the collective values of his or her group. Table 12.2 The Collective Self-Esteem Scale. b. exposing them to adult models of aggression. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. c. romantic love People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). We identify o We compare Ingroup bias o Tendency to favor ones own group o. An allocator divides a large sum of money among three groups of around 20 recipients each and also to themselves. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group . A confirmation bias is cognitive bias that favors information that confirms your previously existing beliefs or biases. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. own: [verb] to have or hold as property : possess. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. He is disheartened and feels frustrated but is unable to question his manager. For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. ppp and mmm, and check their signs. Verify that U/p=x(p,m)\partial U^* / \partial p=-x^*(p, m)U/p=x(p,m). This is not to suggest that actual older people are not competent, of course, but that they are not widely admired for their accumulated wisdom. c. cognitive dissonance. That said, the targets of bias sometimes shift across time. For example, ethnic Asians living in the United States are commonly referred to as the model minority because of their perceived success in areas such as education, income, and social stability. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike . These four kinds of stereotypes and their associated emotional prejudices (see Figure 2) occur all over the world and apply to each societys own groups. People higher on SDO tend to choose and thrive in occupations that maintain existing group hierarchies (police, prosecutors, business), compared to those lower in SDO, who tend to pick more equalizing occupations (social work, public defense, psychology). a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. For example, researchers have found that those who score higher on SDO are usually lower than average on tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation. d. oxytocin. A loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. b. conformity Researchers suggested three possible reasons that why watching TV is negatively linked to children's achievement. This might remind you of self-determination theory, with its focus on autonomy, relatedness, and competence. d. aggression. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup. a. amygdala Also called the cross-race effct and the own-race . For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. : Men are more intelligent. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. Such a reaction will be ambiguous to both parties and difficult to interpret. 97 terms. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player. Women cannot drive. Some group stereotypes are mixed, high on one dimension and low on the other. Just 80 years ago, American college students unabashedly thought Turkish people were cruel, very religious, and treacherous (Katz & Braly, 1933). Altemeyer, B. By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. Not all stereotypes of outgroups are all bad. The IAT is sensitive to very slight hesitations that result from having automatic or unconscious biases. Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to _______ self. D) GRIT. The orientation of all people is "growth, autonomy, and freedom from control by external forces" (Schunk, 2016, p. 349). The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . a. a dispositional attribution. The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group: Term. Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. Nosotros _____ (ir) a la playa. Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. What entry (debit or credit) does the recipient record? 29 terms. c. frontal lobes . They are excited on the morning of the competition because they both believe that their team is going to win since they are the better team. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. Two months before the 2018 midterms, President Trump had a 40% job approval rating. . Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. Or even ageist people who feel fond of older adults but, at the same time, view them as incompetent to support themselves and worry about the burden they place on public welfare programs. python 3d scatter plot with labels; The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. These types of stereotypes were overt, unapologetic, and expected to be shared by otherswhat we now call blatant biases. They were generalizations about a group, since most of the college students did not interact with people from Turkey. This includes interference, displacement, and Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). In fact, this finding generally holds regardless of whether ones group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships. Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. exclusivity. a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status . Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by, Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called, Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. At its heart, SDO rests on a fundamental belief that the world is tough and competitive with only a limited number of resources. c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. First, people are interested in understanding the intentions of others. . A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. When it comes to relationships, it is valuable to remember that negative comments usually carry much more weight than positive ones. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." Model: Je vais visiter\ldots Je vais voir\ldots Je vais (faire)\ldots, Search words: myswitzerland.com: une histoire d'eau Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. This belief best illustrates: While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." to have power or mastery over. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. Categories get more complicated when we apply them to humans. Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. ethnocentrism.d. -cies. (2004). In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. The tendency for people to believe the world is Just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Prejudice. Psychological impact of anti-Asian stigma due to COVID-19 pandemic: A call for research, practice, and policy responses. Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. This finding is an example of: In Europe, prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). d. physical attractiveness. a. ingroup bias. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. The test itself is rather simple (and you can experience it yourselfhere). CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. c. deindividuation. You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. Understandably, people from the first list of groups tends to score higher on SDO, while those from the second group tend to score lower. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: The groups are supporters of two rival political movements in Thailand and politically neutral subjects. Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. A petty cash fund of $200 was established on April 1, 2016. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. Rudman, L. A., & Ashmore, R. D. (2007). Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies ________. An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. d. sensory cortex. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the . Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Groupthink: . The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. Male 3: I don't want you looking over my shoulder all the time. A specific case of comfort with the ingroup is called aversive racism, so-called because people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010). Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. What term best describes Elena's behavior? Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. (tn dn si) n., pl. At another end of the spectrum are homeless people and drug addicts, stereotyped as not having good intentions (perhaps untrustworthy) and likewise being incompetent (unable) to do anything useful. b. Conformity Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in: Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . What is NOT a reason why watching media violence have negative consequences. The tendency to favor their ingroup develops quickly in young children, increasing up to about six years of age, and almost immediately begins to influence their behavior (Aboud, 2003; Aboud & Amato, 2001). Was the White person right to avoid the situation so that neither person would feel uncomfortable? Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. Understand subtle, unexamined biases that are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent. This illustrates, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called, Research participants believed that the Ash conformity test involved a study of, Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called, Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often, Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. Turner, J. C. (1975). This best illustrates, Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. a. more; less the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. This way of perceiving and making . Aggression ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. As a result, the White person may give a good excuse to avoid such awkward situations. (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: jamie watson voice actor; is matt manning related to peyton manning; men's patchwork jeans; Published by on 17. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. C) a win-win solution. Just ask yourself if youve ever been asked, What are you? This question is frequently asked to people about their ethnicity, national origin, gender identity, religion, and other group affiliations. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? b. physical attractiveness. Here are some more examples that are actually prejudice, watch what you say! Liking yourself and the groups to which you belong is natural. In particular, it is unclear to what extent ingroup favoritism is driven by preferences concerning the welfare of ingroup over outgroup members, vs. beliefs about the behavior of ingroup and outgroup members. They prescribe "proper" behavior. More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, some people held hostile views of Asian-Americans, who they perceived as being associated with the coronavirus (Misra, Le, Goldmann & Yang, 2020). b. implicit prejudice. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. Armstrong Publishing had 25% of its sales in mysteries, 10% in biographies, 15% in cookbooks, 15% in romance novels, 20% in science, and the rest in business books. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. a. warrior Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. One aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders by: Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________. the preference for order, clarity, and conventional values) and conservative beliefs. This reaction is best explained in terms of. The tendency of people to believe that one gets what one deserves and deserves what one gets is called: In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received high ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students rather than White students. Ingroup favoritismthe tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groupsis well documented, but the mechanisms driving this behavior are not well understood. Pages 14 c. hindsight bias. These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted.

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