One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. 3. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Guilleminault et al. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Complications. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. . Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. (credit: Laurie Avocado). Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Sore throat. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Disorganized Thinking. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Feeling tired. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. . In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012).

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